How Do You Know the Age of a Stone Arrowhead?

When you find an arrowhead, or someone shows you an arrowhead, how can you tell how old it is?

A lot of the answer for how old an arrowhead is depends upon the type of stone the point in question is made from. Old flint tends to get coarser and turn lighter colors, towards white even, if it is exposed to sunlight and air and rain and freezing over time. However, if it is buried, sometimes there is very little apparent aging, unless the soil itself is chemically acting on the surface of the flint. I have found buried points and blades, which, after I washed them, were almost as smooth and unchanged as new materials. So, you then look for deposits of minerals from the buried condition. Also, if flint has been exposed to the atmosphere, often the exposed side of a flint point is quite discolored relative to the unexposed side. This is a good indication of age.

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If the point is obsidian, especially in a desert area, and it has been exposed on the surface of the ground, the exposed side many times is somewhat polished by wind and blowing dust or sand. The underside is more original in feel, or it is often coated with chemical deposits from the soil. In addition, in desert or normal weather pattern areas, obsidian is affected by rain and other moisture over time, and gets what is called a "hydration rind" on the outer surface. This tends to dull the originally shiny, slick appearance of the flaked stone. It makes an outer layer of changed material, due to the absorption of minute amounts of water, that is thicker depending on the length of time of the exposure to the elements. Archaeologists have even taken to calibrating the age of obsidian points or tools based on the thickness of the hydration rind in a known area. This is done by comparing a sequence of rind measurements to ages determined by other accepted dating methods, C14, tree rings, etc., to set up a scale to get a rough age for a piece based on the thickness of the rind. The rind thickness can be observed by cutting a slice through an expendable obsidian tool.

How Do You Know the Age of a Stone Arrowhead?

Yet additional indicators of possible age are the style, size and source location of a point. Many styles of points were unique to certain time periods, which enables the observer to position the point in a time sequence. Also, many specific styles were used in specific regions, which also helps to identify the cultural identity of a particular piece. And, the material from which a particular regional style of point is made is generally known, at least to experienced collectors. So, when a point made of an abnormal, atypical material for a particular style is exhibited, the likelihood of modern production increases.

These concepts are just the beginning of the discussion of determining the age of an arrowhead.

Artifact authenticators also examine the edges of the points under high magnification to observe natural aging and "use wear" patterns vs. chemical aging or mechanical wear and tear with metal or other modern materials.

Mixed, confused or varying chipping and flaking styles indicate possible reworking of a point, either in ancient times to refurbish the edge or tip of the point for re-use, or in modern times to reshape it into an apparently complete tool.

Additional analytical methods come into play after an examination of the consistency and style of flaking patterns on a point or tool.

Authenticators can observe knapped stone surfaces under special light to see the potential difference in the age of the visible surfaces. Old surfaces and new surfaces react differently to certain kinds of light, and are visibly different to the eye under that special light. This difference between old and new stone surfaces also enables the detection of potentially modern rechipping of old points to reshape them.

This information can help collectors to make sure of what they are purchasing or acquiring by trade. And it will help identify the native culture and time period of the pieces which they find, in the field or through the various connections which are available, such as the internet and regional artifact shows.

How Do You Know the Age of a Stone Arrowhead?

F. Scott Crawford is the editor and publisher of the monthly e-magazine "Arrowhead Collecting On The Web". "Arrowhead Collecting On The Web" provides an on-going series of articles and graphic presentations of information related to the many different aspects of finding and learning about the relics of previous cultures which remain to be found today. With a special focus on internet based resources for finding and collecting and understanding authentic ancient artifacts such as arrowheads. The editorial objective of "Arrowhead Collecting On The Web" is to help readers become long-term, even serious collectors of arrowheads, over the years to come. Subscription information for this unique monthly e-magazine is available at http://www.ArrowheadCollectingOnTheWeb.com/ACOTW-Subscription-Info.html For more information click on this link: Arrowhead Collecting On The Web

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My Computer Has No Sound - Help!

Have you been wondering why my computer has no sound? Well I may be able to help you. If you recently changed operating systems, reformatted your hard drive, installed new devices or upgraded programs, you might find yourself unable to hear any sound from you PC. Basic troubleshooting has provided you with lots of solutions, but after exhausting them all, you find yourself back where you started - with no sound.

If that sounds like what you're experiencing, I'm glad you've made it here. What you need is to update your sound driver. Over time, as you install new things onto your computer and delete others, drivers become outdated, missing and even corrupted. Most IT professionals will tell you that as a part of your regular computer maintenance you should take a few moments to ensure that your drivers are in tip-top shape to avoid major driver-related catastrophes down the road.

Technology Update

While it is possible to update these by hand, it can be quite tedious and time-consuming. For each driver you have on your machine, you have to spend a considerable amount of time researching the right one. You must for the most recent release of the driver, match it to the system specifications, and hope that will solve your problem. If not, then you have to move on to the next driver and start the whole process over again. It's just not an efficient or effective method of resolving your computer woes.

My Computer Has No Sound - Help!

What you need is driver update software. It's the best solution for updating all your drivers in one fell swoop. After installing the software and letting it perform a quick 5-minute scan, you are provided with a list of drivers that are outdated or missing on your machine. Then, within the software, you are able to update them in a matter of minutes via the programs database. Also, with just a click, it can scan your machine at any time to determine if updates are needed. This software will save you hours of time and prevent your from causing more problems by installing the wrong drivers. Stop wondering why "my computer has no sound" and do something about it!

My Computer Has No Sound - Help!

Sick of your computer having no sound? Want to fix the problem by updating your drivers? With this software you can stay on top of driver updates for all your hardware devices. Scan your system for free and up your ALL your drivers automatically!

http://www.driver-update-software.com

Jim Marshall is a computer technician expert with over 15 years in the industry. He has spent a lot of his time researching products that provide easy solutions to complex computer problems. After extensive testing see what software performed best in updating hardware drivers.

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Tips on Replacing the Carpet in Your Pontoon Boat

Are you in the process of replacing the carpet on your used pontoon boat? If so here are a few helpful tips for doing the work yourself. One customer recently asked me, he was thinking of replacing his pontoon carpet with indoor/outdoor carpet tiles and whether or not could they be used on boats?

I informed him I would not recommend using the carpet tiles as they will come up on the corners after time from the sun and water. I always recommend using one solid piece of indoor -outdoor carpet or marine grade carpeting.

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Remove all the pontoon boat furniture including steering console and floor trim until you are down to the plywood. Now you can remove any of the carpet that maybe stuck to the plywood as well as any of the old adhesive that was left behind. You may need to do little sanding to you get down to a fresh clean surface. Now is a good time to inspect any plywood that may need repaired or replaced.

Tips on Replacing the Carpet in Your Pontoon Boat

Next step is to roll out the new carpet on the pontoon boat and allow some time to allow carpet to flatten. Once the new carpet is ready to install, to back half the carpet and glue the new carpet and the floor of boat. I recommend using marine grade contact cement spray. It allows you would a couple of minutes to maneuver the carpet into place working out any lumps in the carpet. I prefer to glue at a temperature higher than 50 degrees and make sure you use a good new hook knife or carpet knife.

Now proceed into doing the same steps with the remaining section of pontoon boat floor and carpet. You may want to have another person help you with the installation as a second set of hands is not a bad thing. Now is a good time to go for lunch as you need to allow the carpet to settle a bit before next step. 

Next step is to cut off any overhanging sections of the carpet and install floor trim. Now you can reinstall your pontoon boat furniture and steering console. Installing pontoon boat carpeting is really not big project to do yourself, especially if you enlist some help.

Tips on Replacing the Carpet in Your Pontoon Boat

For more information on Pontoon Boats please visit North American Waterway at:

http://www.north-american-waterway.com/pontoons.htm

35 years self employed in the boating industry. Specializing in Bayliner Boats and Pontoon Boats. I grew my business over 300% when I went online. Now very involved in internet and social marketing, joint ventures and helping people do the same. I am volunteering my knowledge in a mentor program working with young entrepreneurs who are still in high school or college.

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Used Lockers

Used lockers are metal storage containers that can be used to store gym clothes, sporting equipment, office wear, all kinds of personal items, or, in the case of heavy-duty, high-security lockers, personal valuables and/or company documents (but in the latter case, a safe might be a better bet). Used lockers are reasonably priced and are not just for schools and students. They are great to use around the home or summer camp. Used lockers come in all shapes and sized and are made using different materials including the traditional metal lockers. You will find many used metal lockers for sale online at locker company sites and other sites like http://www.ebay.com.

Lockers are found in schools, work, gyms, etc. Often times schools and gyms replace lockers every few years. Many locker companies will refurbish these lockers and put them up for sale. The prices are far cheaper than buying new lockers, and you can hardly tell the difference. Used lockers are great for the home because you can store almost anything in them from household cleaning products (keeping them away from the kids) to storing valuables including papers or collectibles.

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Depending on the design, you can keep your locker in the basement or in your bedroom. As noted, used lockers can be purchased in all shapes, sizes, colors and designs, and because they are refurbished, they look brand new. You can even find used wooden lockers that will look great in a bedroom, and will conveniently store materials that need to stay dry like important personal records.

Used Lockers

Used Lockers

Lockers [http://www.i-Lockers.com] provides detailed information on Lockers, Locker Room, Gym Locker, Used Lockers and more. Lockers is affiliated with Custom Display Cases [http://www.e-displaycases.com].

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Building Refurbishment

Building refurbishment is the act of re-styling or modifying an existing building. Buildings will not necessarily need a full refurbishment very often at all, but there is often some work that would be beneficial to carry out, whether to the interior of exterior. Sometimes a complete refurbishment will be carried out, and this is generally in circumstances where the building is going to change its purpose (from offices to houses, for instance), but can also be because it is in desperate need of updating because of antiquated wiring systems and suchlike. Having a surveyor assess your building is a good way to find out if modernisation could be in order.

One reason you should consider refurbishing a building is to improve energy efficiency. Often building owners will overlook the amount of money that may be lost just because the energy you are using to heat up a building, for example, is being wasted due to poor insulation. If you are having a building refurbished anyway, then consider improving the wall and ceiling insulation in the process. For walls, use a 6 inch batt of insulation for an R-20 rating (the measure of resistance to heat flowing out) and ceilings can be made an R-40 rating by using 12 inch batts. Make sure all doors and windows are at least double glazed, and have a thermal break which will stop heat passing out. Replacement of water systems such as toilets and boilers can also prevent excessive water loss. These are all factors that are often overlooked when refurbishing a building, but that could save you a lot of money in the long run, and make the building more habitable.

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It is vital, when refurbishing a building, that you hire a professional team to do so. Do not be afraid to ask a firm to see a portfolio of other work that they have done. This is especially important if the building you want to improve has period features, or other specialist needs: make sure that the people working on it have done that type of work before and know exactly what is necessary to clean and retain the spectacular impact of the building.

Building Refurbishment

It can be advisable to ask for sketches to be drawn up in advance of any work beginning: it is easy to make mistakes because of a break down in communication, so make sure you put across exactly what you want doing, so you do not end up paying out for unnecessary work or a refurbishment that is not up to your expectations.

Refurbishment is also something that can be good to do in stages. If you have a generally fine building, then just refurbish certain parts as it seems necessary: fix a leaky roof now to prevent more expensive problems later. Basically, make improvements as they are needed and consider all possible areas to make sure you don't miss anything that could benefit you by improving. Always hire the best you can afford and be sure you are clear about what needs doing.

Building Refurbishment

Building refurbishment is a big job, but does not have to be too stressful a one.

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Visit the International Harvester Tractors Website to Find Your Model

When searching for tractors that have been around for a long time, you will find the International Harvester company that was created in 1902 by the merge of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company and the Deering Harvesting Company. These two companies came together to create the International Harvester Tractors. This company has a website that has a list of all the tractors that have ever held their name. They have a very large list where anyone can find out information about the tractors that they have had on the market along with other various information.

These International Harvester Tractors are all listed by their model number so that the consumer can click on the link that goes to the model number that they are looking for. Once you have gotten to the page of your model number, there is a lot of information that you will find out about that specific tractor. This information consists of the tractors various serial numbers, the type of hydraulics it has, its electrical make-up, and what type of battery it uses. You can learn about the capacity, dimensions, tires, mechanical make-up and its power-take off. You can learn the date that the tractor was first put out on the market.

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You can also learn information about the International Harvester Tractors when it comes to the factory that it was created in and the total number of that type of tractor that was created. You will be able to see pictures of that trailer as well as what the prices were originally to what the prices are now. There are different tests that these tractors are given, and you can read about these tests as well as the results in order to see rather the tractor that you are looking at is in tip-top condition.

Visit the International Harvester Tractors Website to Find Your Model

If you own one of these International Harvester Tractors rather it be old or fairly new, you can download its manual in order to have all the specification and information about it right at your fingertips at all times. This website is very useful for people who have a love for these types of trailers. Many people like to purchase old time tractors and refurbish them. This website allows you to have all the information that you may need if you are going to refurbish an older tractor that was created by International Harvester or the other entities that merged in order to create it.

Visit the International Harvester Tractors Website to Find Your Model

Simon Harris writes about all types of tractors at: http://www.tractor-expert.com

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How to Repair a PCL XL Error

Occasionally HP printers can run into an issue known as a PCL XL error. Apparently, the PCL XL error makes it impossible to print certain documents. It can occur intermittently or with every request to print. Fixing it is key to getting the printer to work correctly again.

Different Types of PCL XL Errors

Technology Update

This type of error indicates an interruption in the print stream: for some reason, the printer sees the stream as corrupt. PCL XL refers to a "language" that the computer uses to communicate with the printer. HP forums describe it as being "highly structured," which is the reason that any little disturbance will be picked up by the printer and keep it from doing its job.

How to Repair a PCL XL Error

If the user only experiences these errors in an intermittent or seemingly random fashion, it is most likely that the error lies somewhere between the computer and the printer. Anything from a bad cable, to a bad network, to a bad port could lead to a PCL XL error. Possibly the printer itself is at fault.

If the error is more regular or produced every time a document is printed, the cause is most likely a driver issue. Drivers are the programs that let the computer communicate with the printer. These may be difficult to fix.

Several Ways to Fix PCL XL Error

Various activities can create problems with drivers. Changes to networks or the drivers themselves can trigger these errors. Unfortunately, staying on top of Microsoft update may also induce a driver error if one of the updates changes the driver. Try locating the printer's disk and reinstalling the drivers or going to the manufacturer's website to download them.

Sometimes, computers have been set up using universal drivers to communicate with the printer, and these seem to have more problems. Locate and download the exact drivers for the printer being used.

Another option that works well for some machines is to disable some extra printing features:

1. In the program you are working with, click File, then Print, then Properties, and finally Advanced.

2. Disable the "Advanced Printing Features" option.

3. Disable the "Print Optimizations."

This does not necessarily fix the error per se, but allows printing to continue without seeing the error message.

Driver Errors Can Be Registry Errors

Drivers talk to printers by way of the registry, since that is how the computer catalogues these various background files. If a registry entry has been corrupted that deals with the printer-computer connection, the the user may see an error. Research using a registry cleaner to fix a PCL XL error and get the printer running again.

How to Repair a PCL XL Error

Optimize-Your-PC can provide you with advanced registry cleaning technology. It will scan, diagnose, and repair your pcl xl error, leaving you with nothing but a highly-optimized PC.

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